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3.
An. pediatr. (2003, Ed. impr.) ; 76(6): 336-342, jun. 2012. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-101487

RESUMO

Introducción: A pesar de la baja prevalencia infantil de infección por virus hepatitis C (VHC) y su leve clínica inicial, la infección crónica puede evolucionar a cirrosis y/o hepatocarcinoma. Es fundamental controlar su transmisión vertical. Los últimos estudios describen hasta 50% de transmisiones intraútero. Material y métodos: Estudiamos retrospectivamente 17 casos de infección por VHC en 8 años, analizando los factores de riesgo de transmisión vertical, para aplicar prevención primaria. Resultados: Solo la adicción a drogas vía parenteral muestra riesgo significativo, sin ser la coinfección VIH factor de confusión. La carga viral, la coinfección por VIH, la disfunción hepática y el tiempo de evolución de infección no muestran mayor riesgo. La cesárea, la amniocentesis y la monitorización interna pueden ser factores de riesgo (sin significación estadística), pero no las horas de amniorrexis. La lactancia materna muestra protección. Conclusiones: Pese a la importancia frecuentemente atribuida, el efecto de la carga viral sobre el riesgo de transmisión no está claramente establecido: la ausencia de viremia no descarta el riesgo de transmisión, ya que la detección de ARN viral puede ser intermitente, y por tanto, los datos al respecto deben interpretarse con cautela. La inmunosupresión secundaria a la coinfección por VIH supone mayor riesgo de transmisión, pero dicho efecto disminuye al mejorar la capacidad inmune gracias al tratamiento antirretroviral. Respecto a las características del parto, el tiempo transcurrido tras la rotura de membranas no ha mostrado ser factor de riesgo; y se desestima la cesárea como forma óptima y electiva de finalizar la gestación de estas mujeres. La lactancia materna, lejos de suponer mayor riesgo de transmisión, puede ser protectora. La escasa carga viral en la leche, su inactivación por el pH ácido gástrico y sus beneficios inmunológicos justificarían este resultado. Dadas las limitaciones de los estudios retrospectivos, es necesario plantear análisis prospectivos para conocer mejor el papel de los posibles factores de riesgo y establecer pautas claras de prevención; de momento, es fundamental el control evolutivo de todos los hijos de madres con infección por el VHC (AU)


Introduction: Despite the low prevalence of paediatric HCV infection and its initial mild clinical expressiveness, chronic infection could progress into cirrhosis and/or hepatocarcinoma. It is essential to control vertical transmission. Recent studies show that up to 50% of transmissions occur within the uterus. Material y methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 17 cases of (Hepatitis C virus) HCV infection registered over a period of 8 years. Vertical transmission risk factors were analysed, in order to introduce primary prevention. Results: Only parenteral drug addiction significantly increased the rate of HCV transmission; HIV co-infection was not a confounding factor. HCV viremia, HIV co-infection, liver dysfunction and/or duration of the infection did not appear to affect the rate of transmission. Caesarean section, amniocentesis and internal monitoring may be risk factors (not statistically significant), but not prolonged vaginal delivery after amniotic membrane rupture. Breastfeeding showed protection. Conclusions: The effect of viremia on the risk of transmission is not clearly established, despite the importance usually attributed. Lack of viremia does not discount the risk of transmission, due to viral RNA detection can be intermittent, so it should be interpreted cautiously. Immunosuppression secondary to HIV co-infection implies a higher risk of transmission, but this effect decreases by improving immune competence by antiretroviral treatment. With regard to the birth characteristics, time after the rupture of membranes has not shown being a risk factor; being the caesarean not advisable as a good alternative to finish the pregnancy. Breastfeeding does not increase the risk, even it can be protective. This results would be justified by the low viral content of milk, its inactivation by gastric pH and its immunological benefits. Given that retrospective studies results are limited, prospective studies need to be carried out in order to improve the understanding of the role of possible risk factors and to provide a clear preventive guidelines. At the moment it is essential to control all the children born of mothers with HCV infection (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Hepatite C/transmissão , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/estatística & dados numéricos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/complicações , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV , Carga Viral
4.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 76(6): 336-42, 2012 Jun.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22265375

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Despite the low prevalence of paediatric HCV infection and its initial mild clinical expressiveness, chronic infection could progress into cirrhosis and/or hepatocarcinoma. It is essential to control vertical transmission. Recent studies show that up to 50% of transmissions occur within the uterus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: [corrected] A retrospective study was conducted on 17 cases of (Hepatitis C virus) HCV infection registered over a period of 8 years. Vertical transmission risk factors were analysed, in order to introduce primary prevention. RESULTS: Only parenteral drug addiction significantly increased the rate of HCV transmission; HIV co-infection was not a confounding factor. HCV viremia, HIV co-infection, liver dysfunction and/or duration of the infection did not appear to affect the rate of transmission. Caesarean section, amniocentesis and internal monitoring may be risk factors (not statistically significant), but not prolonged vaginal delivery after amniotic membrane rupture. Breastfeeding showed protection. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of viremia on the risk of transmission is not clearly established, despite the importance usually attributed. Lack of viremia does not discount the risk of transmission, due to viral RNA detection can be intermittent, so it should be interpreted cautiously. Immunosuppression secondary to HIV co-infection implies a higher risk of transmission, but this effect decreases by improving immune competence by antiretroviral treatment. With regard to the birth characteristics, time after the rupture of membranes has not shown being a risk factor; being the caesarean not advisable as a good alternative to finish the pregnancy. Breastfeeding does not increase the risk, even it can be protective. This results would be justified by the low viral content of milk, its inactivation by gastric pH and its immunological benefits. Given that retrospective studies results are limited, prospective studies need to be carried out in order to improve the understanding of the role of possible risk factors and to provide a clear preventive guidelines. At the moment it is essential to control all the children born of mothers with HCV infection.


Assuntos
Hepatite C/transmissão , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco
5.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 68(10): 497-501, nov. 2010. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-85888

RESUMO

Objetivo: Describir nuestra experiencia en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de niños que precisan ingreso por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC), y analizar los factores que predisponen al desarrollo de derrame pleural paraneumónico (DPP). Material y métodos: Estudio observacional de una cohorte prospectiva. Muestreo consecutivo de niños de 2-14 años de edad ingresados por NAC entre julio de 2007 y febrero de 2008.Variables independientes: edad, sexo, días de estancia, patología previa, antibioterapia previa, administración de vacuna antineumocócica conjugada heptavalente (VCN7v), sintomatología, recuento de leucocitos y neutrófilos, proteína C reactiva, antígeno de neumococo en orina, hemocultivo, serología para Mycoplasma, test de tuberculina, radiología al diagnóstico y antibioterapia. Variables de resultado principal: evolución a DPP y su tratamiento. Ajustamos un modelo de regresión logística (RL) multivariable. Resultados: Se estudió a un total de 102 pacientes con una mediana de edad de 4,8 años; un 13% tenía antecedentes de broncoespasmo; en 26 la vacunación con VCN7v era completa, en 29 incompleta, y 46 niños no habían sido vacunados; 23 pacientes desarrollaron un derrame pleural, 10 precisaron un drenaje pleural y urocinasa, y uno exclusivamente drenaje; en el resto se instauró tratamiento conservador. Describimos una incidencia de DPP con un intervalo de confianza del 95% de 13,95-31,15. Tras el análisis estadístico (RL), apreciamos que tanto la vacunación completa con VCN7v (p= 0,01) como la serología indicativa de infección aguda por Mycoplasma (p= 0,01) predicen independientemente la evolución a DPP. Conclusión: El tratamiento evacuador, asociado o no a fibrinolisis, fue eficaz en todos los casos. Nuestros datos permiten conjeturar un posible papel causal de la VCN7v y de la coinfección por Mycoplasma pneumoniae en el desarrollo de DPP (AU)


Objective: To describe our experience in the diagnosis and treatment of children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) that need hospitalization, and to analyze the factors that influence the development of parapneumonic pleural effusion(PPE). Material and methods: Observational study of a prospective cohort. Consecutive sample of children aged 2 to 14 years admitted with CAP between July 2007 and February 2008. Independent variables: age, sex, days of stay, previous pathology, previous antibiotic therapy, vaccination with heptavalent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV7), symptomatology, white blood cells and neutrophils, C reactive protein, pneumococcal antigen in urine, blood culture, serology of Mycoplasma, tuberculin test, chest radiology, antibiotic therapy. Primary outcomes: pleural effusion development and its treatment. We fit a multivariable logistic regression (LR) model. Results: 102 patients. Median age 4.8 years, 13% had a history of bronchospasm. In 26 vaccinations with PCV7 was complete, incomplete in 29, and 46 cases had not been vaccinated. 23 patients developed PPE, 10 needed pleural drainage and urokinase, 1 exclusively drainage, the rest of the patients conservative treatment. We report an incidence of PPE 95% (CI= 13.95-31.15). After the statistical analysis (LR) we see that both PCV7 complete vaccination (p= 0.01) and serology evidence of acute Mycoplasma infection (p= 0.01) independently predict the development of PPE. Conclusion: Treatment with drainage with or without effective fibrinolysis in all cases. Our data allows us to guess estimate a possible causal role of PCV7 and Mycoplasma pneumonia ecoinfection in PPE development (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Pneumonia/complicações , Pneumonia/diagnóstico , Pneumonia/fisiopatologia , Derrame Pleural/complicações , Derrame Pleural/diagnóstico , Derrame Pleural/fisiopatologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classificação , Streptococcus pneumoniae/patogenicidade , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/patogenicidade , Haemophilus influenzae/patogenicidade
8.
Cir. pediátr ; 22(3): 162-167, jul. 2009. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-107211

RESUMO

En los últimos años se ha observado en nuestro país un incremento en las complicaciones asociadas a neumonía bacteriana, tales como derrame y empiema. El tratamiento inicial de este tipo de complicación es la asociación de antibióticos que cubran el posible germen implicado así como la colocación de un tubo de drenaje pleural para acelerarla resolución del proceso. La formación de septos dentro de la cavidad pleural requiere terapia adicional (tratamiento antifibrinolítico, videotoracoscopia), sin haberse demostrado cual de estas dos alternativas es mejor. Presentamos una revisión que abarca más de 15 años (1990-2006), del manejo del empiema en nuestro centro. La estrategia de manejo con instilación inicial de antifibrinolíticos intrapleurales, hace de nuestra serie la más larga de las revisadas en nuestro país en que se utiliza dicho tratamiento (30 pacientes de los 50 revisados (60%) fueron tratados con dicha técnica). El éxito inicial fue de 96% con esta modalidad, sin requerir cirugía de rescate. Se hace además un análisis descriptivo de varios parámetros clínicos, analíticos y radiológicos, destacando la estancia media hospitalaria y en unidad de cuidados intensivos. En el análisis comparativo se aprecia una disminución de la estancia en unidad de cuidados intensivos en aquellos pacientes a los que se administró antifibrinolíticos. Este resultado prueba la eficacia del tratamiento en ese aspecto, lo cual es bastante alentador (AU)


In recent years we have observed in our country an increase in complications associated with bacterial pneumonia, such as pleural effusion and empyema. The initial treatment is an association of antibiotics, covering the potential germ involved, and the placement of a pleural drainagetube, in order to accelerate the resolution process. Formation of septawith in the pleural cavity requires additional therapy (antifibrinolytictreatment, videothorascopy), but no one of these two alternatives is been demonstrated better than the other. We present a review that covers last15 years (1990-2006), related to management of empyema. The management strategy with initial instillation of antifibrinolytic intrapleural makes our series the longest in our country using such treatment(30 of 50 patients reviewed (60) were treated with this technique).Initial success was 96% with this modality, without rescuing surgery. There is also a descriptive analysis of several clinical, laboratory andradiological parameters. In comparative analysis, length of stay in intensive care unit decreases in those patients treated with antifibrinolytics. This result is a prove of the efficacy of this treatment, and quite encourageing (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Empiema Pleural/tratamento farmacológico , Antifibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Derrame Pleural/complicações , Cuidados Críticos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/complicações
10.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 67(4): 309-18, 2007 Oct.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17949640

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common pathology in the preterm whose traditional treatment has been indomethacin. Recently, ibuprofen has shown its effectiveness in closing the PDA with less hemodynamic effects. The objective of this paper is to review the current literature in order to determine if there is any benefit of ibuprofen versus indomethacin in the PDA therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eleven trials comparing intravenous ibuprofen versus indomethacin in the treatment of PDA confirmed by echocardiography in < 35 weeks preterm or < 1,500 g birth weight were included. A meta-analysis of the trials data was performed. RESULTS: No trial show statistically significant differences in the failure of closing PDA, neither the meta-analysis (RR 0.96 [CI 95 %: 0.74-1.26], with a power of 0.995). No differences were found in the rate of reopening and surgical ligation. Complications were similar, except for a significant lower incidence of oliguria in the ibuprofen group (RR 0.23 [CI 95 %: 0.10-0.51]). There were no differences in the respiratory outcomes (RR of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) at 28 days 1.32 [CI 95 %: 0.99-1.76]). CONCLUSIONS: In our revision ibuprofen was as effective as indomethacin in closing PDA. No significant differences were found in the incidence of complications except for less renal impairment with ibuprofen. A higher risk of BPD in the ibuprofen group is not confirmed, although more studies are needed.


Assuntos
Analgésicos não Narcóticos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Permeabilidade do Canal Arterial/tratamento farmacológico , Ibuprofeno/uso terapêutico , Indometacina/uso terapêutico , Permeabilidade do Canal Arterial/diagnóstico , Ecocardiografia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro
11.
An. pediatr. (2003, Ed. impr.) ; 67(4): 309-318, oct. 2007. ilus
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-056406

RESUMO

Introducción El ductus arterioso persistente (DAP) es una patología frecuente en el recién nacido prematuro cuyo tratamiento tradicional ha sido la indometacina. Recientemente, el ibuprofeno ha mostrado ser eficaz en su cierre con menores efectos hemodinámicos. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la literatura disponible para determinar si existe alguna ventaja entre ambos fármacos en el tratamiento del DAP. Material y métodos Se incluyeron 11 ensayos que compararon ibuprofeno con indometacina en el tratamiento del DAP confirmado ecográficamente en prematuros de menos de 35 semanas o de menos de 1.500 g de peso al nacimiento. Se realizó un metaanálisis de los resultados aportados por los distintos estudios. Resultados Ningún estudio encontró diferencias significativas en el fracaso del cierre del DAP entre ambos fármacos, ni el metaanálisis tampoco (riesgo relativo [RR]: 0,96; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95 %: 0,74 a 1,26], con un poder de 0,995). No hubo diferencias en la frecuencia de reaperturas ni de ligaduras quirúrgicas. Las complicaciones fueron similares, excepto una incidencia significativamente menor de oliguria en los tratados con ibuprofeno (RR: 0,23; IC 95 %: de 0,10 a 0,51). No se encontraron diferencias en la evolución respiratoria (RR de displasia broncopulmonar a los 28 días de 1,32; IC 95 %: de 0,99 a 1,76). Conclusiones En nuestra revisión, el ibuprofeno fue igual de eficaz que la indometacina en el cierre del DAP. No hubo diferencias en la incidencia de complicaciones excepto menores problemas renales con el ibuprofeno. No se confirma un mayor riesgo de displasia broncopulmonar en el grupo de ibuprofeno, aunque se necesitan más estudios al respecto


Introduction Persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common pathology in the preterm whose traditional treatment has been indomethacin. Recently, ibuprofen has shown its effectiveness in closing the PDA with less hemodynamic effects. The objective of this paper is to review the current literature in order to determine if there is any benefit of ibuprofen versus indomethacin in the PDA therapy. Material and methods Eleven trials comparing intravenous ibuprofen versus indomethacin in the treatment of PDA confirmed by echocardiography in < 35 weeks preterm or < 1,500 g birth weight were included. A meta-analysis of the trials data was performed. Results No trial show statistically significant differences in the failure of closing PDA, neither the meta-analysis (RR 0.96 [CI 95 %: 0.74-1.26], with a power of 0.995). No differences were found in the rate of reopening and surgical ligation. Complications were similar, except for a significant lower incidence of oliguria in the ibuprofen group (RR 0.23 [CI 95 %: 0.10-0.51]). There were no differences in the respiratory outcomes (RR of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) at 28 days 1.32 [CI 95 %: 0.99-1.76]). Conclusions In our revision ibuprofen was as effective as indomethacin in closing PDA. No significant differences were found in the incidence of complications except for less renal impairment with ibuprofen. A higher risk of BPD in the ibuprofen group is not confirmed, although more studies are needed


Assuntos
Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Permeabilidade do Canal Arterial/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/uso terapêutico , Indometacina/uso terapêutico , Ibuprofeno/uso terapêutico , Recém-Nascido Prematuro
13.
Pediátrika (Madr.) ; 26(7): 236-239, jul.-ago. 2006. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-049697

RESUMO

El flemón y el absceso periamigdalinos son pocofrecuentes en la edad pediátrica, conociéndose biensu etiología y manifestaciones clínicas. Su manejoinicial es llevado a cabo en los servicios de urgenciapor parte de pediatras y otorrinolaringólogos paracon posterioridad y ya con el paciente ingresado instaurarun tratamiento definitivo. Ciertos aspectos referentesa su diagnóstico y tratamiento no gozan deunanimidad de criterios. En este trabajo hemos pretendidoactualizar los avances desarrollados en estapatología y sobre todo tratar de unificar criterios respectoa su manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico


Peritonsillar cellulitis and peritonsillar abscess areuncommon in paediatric population. Aetiology andclinical manifestations are well known. Its first assintanceis done by paediatricians and otorhinolaryngologistsin emergency departments and a definitivetreatment is started after the patient is admitted. Someaspects around diagnosis and treatment remainunclear and no consensus exist. In this report afteran exhaustive review of the literature we pretend toupdate the knowlegement and getting an standardway of managing on this illness


Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Humanos , Abscesso Peritonsilar/diagnóstico , Abscesso Peritonsilar/terapia , Diagnóstico Diferencial
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